Ancient Greek Coins NGC F Xerxes Artaxerxes I Achaemenid Silver Siglos A1071

Description: See my other items here. ATTENTION:Dear Customers, you will receive exactly the same item as you see in the photos, not similar or other. Please read the description carefully and review the photos. (Silver. 14mm) PERSIA, Achaemenid Empire. temp. Xerxes I to Darius II. About 485-420 BC SiglosGo to navigationGo to search"Persian Empire" redirects here. For other uses, see Persian Empire (disambiguation).Achaemenid Empire Xsaca550 BC–330 BC Standard of Cyrus the Great[a]The Achaemenid Empire at its maximum territorial extent, under the government of Darius I (522 BC to 486 BC)StateEmpireCapitalBabylonPasargadiEcbatanaSusaPersepolis (ceremonial) Common languagesAncient Persian (officialAramaic (official, lingua franca)BabylonianMedianGreekelamite Religion Zoroastrianism (official)Babylonian religionAncient Egyptian religionVedic HinduismAncient Greek religionSecond Temple JudaismMany others GovernmentMonarchyKing or King of Kings • 559–529 BC Cyrus the Great• 336–330 BC Darius IIIHistorical eraClassical antiquity • Persian revolt 550 BC• Conquest of Lydia 547 BC• Conquest of Babylon 539 BC• Conquest of Egypt 525 BC• Greco-Persian Wars 499–449 BC• Corinthian War 395–387 BC• Second conquest of Egypt 343 BC• Fall in Macedonia 330 BCArea500 BC5,500,000 km2 (2,100,000 sqm me) The Achaemenid Empire (/əˈkImənoɪd/; Ancient Persian: , romanized: Xsaca, illuminated. 'The Empire'), also called the First Persian Empire, was an ancient Iranian empire in which he was based Western Asia and founded by Cyrus the Great in 550 BC It reached its greatest extent under Xerxes I, who conquered much of the north and center Ancient Greece. At its greatest territorial extent, the Achaemenid Empire extended from Balkans And Eastern Europe in the west to Indus valley East. The empire was larger than any previous empire in history, for a total of 5.5 million square kilometers (2.1 million square miles). The empire had its beginnings in the 7th century BC, when the Persians settled in the southwestern part of the Iranian plateau, in the region of persis. From this region Cyrus arose and defeated the Median Empire—of which he had previously been king—as well as Lydia and the Neo-Babylonian Empire, following which he formally established the Achaemenid Empire. The Achaemenid Empire is known for imposing a successful model of centralized and bureaucratic administration through the use of satraps; its multicultural policy; infrastructure construction, such as road systems it's a postal system; the use of an official language in its territories; and the development of civil services, including the possession of a large professional army. The empire's successes inspired the use of similar systems in later empires. Alexander the Great, an ardent admirer of Cyrus the Great, conquered most of the Achaemenid Empire in 330 BC. Upon Alexander's death, most of the former empire's territory fell under the rule of the Ptolemaic Kingdom and the Seleucid Empire. Iranian elites of the central plateau claimed power in the 2nd century BC under the Parthian Empire. First name The term achaemenid means "of the family of the Achaemenians/Achaemenians" (Ancient Persian: Haxāmaniš;[20] a bauvrihi compound which translates to "to have the mind of a friend").[21]Achaemenes he was himself a minor ruler of the 7th century Anshan in southwest Iran, and a vassal of Assyria.[22][dead link] Around 850 BC the original nomadic peoples who started the empire were called i It seemed and their territory in constant change Parsua, mostly located around Persis.[16] The name "Persia" is a Greek and Latin pronunciation of the autochthonous word referring to the country of origin persis (Old Persian: , It seemed).[22] The Persian term Xsaca (listen), meaning "The Empire" was used by the Achaemenids to refer to their multinational state.[23] HistoryAchaemenid Chronology Dates are indicative, consult the particular article for detailsOriginMain articles: Achaemenes, Thespids, And Achaemenid family tree Family tree of Achaemenid rulers. The Persian nation contains a number of tribes listed here. ... : the Pasargadians, Marafii, And Maspi, on which all other tribes depend. Of these, the Pasargadae are the most illustrious; contain the Achaemenid clan from which the Perseid kings originate. Other tribes are i Panthialei, Derusiaei, germanii, all of which are attached to the ground, the rest-the Come on, Tuesday, Dropics, Sagarti, being nomadic. The Achaemenid Empire was created by nomads Persians. The Persians were a Iranian people which arrived in what it is today Iran c. 1000 BC and settled in a region that included northwestern Iran, the Zagros Mountains And persis next to the native Elamites. For several centuries they fell under the rule of the Neo-Assyrian Empire (911–609 BC), based in the north Mesopotamia.[citation needed] The Persians were originally nomadic shepherds in the western Iranian plateau. The Achaemenid Empire was not the first Iranian empire, like the Medium, another group of Iranian peoples, established a short-lived empire and played a major role in the overthrow of the Assyrians. The Achaemenids were initially the rulers of the Elamite city of Anshan near the modern city of Marvdasht; the title "King of Anshan" was an adaptation of the earlier Elamite title "King of Susa and Anshan". There are conflicting accounts of the identities of the early kings of Anshan. According to Cyrus cylinder (the oldest extant genealogy of the Achaemenids) were the kings of Anshan Thespes, Cyrus I, Cambyses I And Cyrus II, also known as Cyrus the Great, who created the empire (the later Behistun inscription, written by Darius the Great, claims that Teispes was the son of Achaemenes and that Darius is also descended from Theispes through a different line, but no earlier text mentions Achaemenes). In Herodotus' Stories, writes that Cyrus the Great was the son of Cambyses I e They send media, the daughter of Astyages, the king of the Median Empire. Formation and expansionFurther information: Battle of the Persian border, Persian revolt, Battle of Pteria, Battle of Opis, Achaemenid conquest of Egypt, Achaemenid invasion of the Indus valley, And European Scythian campaign of Darius I Map of the expansion process of the Achaemenid territories Cyrus rebelled against the Median Empire in 553 BC and in 550 BC managed to defeat the Medes, capturing Astyages and conquering the Median capital of Ecbatana. Once in control of Ecbatana, Cyrus styled himself Astyages' successor and assumed control of the entire empire. By inheriting the empire of Astyages, he also inherited the territorial conflicts the Medes had had with both Lydia and the Neo-Babylonian Empire. King Croesus of Lydia sought to take advantage of the new international situation by advancing into what had previously been Median territory in Asia Minor. Cyrus led a counterattack which not only drove off Croesus' armies but also resulted in the capture of Sardinians and the fall of the Lydian kingdom in 546 BC Cyrus placed Patti charged with collecting tribute in Lydia and left, but once Cyrus had left Pactyes he instigated a rebellion against Cyrus. Cyrus sent the Median general Mazarus to deal with the rebellion, and Pactye was captured. Mazares, and after his death Harpagus, set about reducing all the cities that had taken part in the rebellion. Lydia's submission lasted about four years in total. When power in Ecbatana changed hands from the Medes to the Persians, many tributaries of the Median Empire believed their situation had changed and rebelled against Cyrus. This forced Cyrus to fight wars against Bactria and the nomad Saka in Central Asia. During these wars, Cyrus established several garrison cities in Central Asia, including the Cyprus Cyrus the Great it is said, in the Bible, to have freed the Jewishcaptives in Babylon to resettle and rebuild Jerusalem, earning him a place of honor in Judaism. Nothing is known of Persian-Babylonian relations between 547 BC and 539 BC, but it is probable that there was hostility between the two empires for several years before the war of 540–539 BC and the Fall of Babylon. In October 539 BC, Cyrus won a battle against the Babylonians at Opis, so he took Sippar without a fight before finally capturing the city of Babylon on October 12, where the Babylonian king Nabonidus he was taken prisoner. After taking control of the city, Cyrus portrayed himself in propaganda as restoring the divine order which had been disrupted by Nabonidus, who had promoted the cult of Pity rather than Marduk,[48][49][50] and also portrayed himself as a restorer of the legacy of Neo-Assyrian Empire comparing himself to the Assyrian king Ashurbanipal. The Hebrew Bible he also unreservedly commends Cyrus for his actions in the conquest of Babylon, referring to him as Yahweh'S anointed. He is credited with freeing the people of Down from from their exile and with the authorization for the reconstruction of much of Jerusalem, including the Second Temple. The tomb of Cyrus the Great, founder of the Achaemenid empire. In 530 BC, Cyrus presumably died during a military expedition against the Give yourself a massage in Central Asia. He was succeeded by his eldest son Cambyses II, while the younger son Bardiya received a large territory in Central Asia. By 525 BC Cambyses had successfully subjugated Phenicia And Cyprus and was making preparations to invade Egypt with the newborn Persian navy. The great Pharaoh Amasis II he had died in 526 BC and been succeeded Psamthic III, resulting in the defection of key Egyptian allies to the Persians. Psamtik positioned his army at Pelusius in the Nile Delta. It was soundly defeated by the Persians in Battle of Pelusium before escaping Memphis, where the Persians defeated him and took him prisoner. Herodotus portrays Cambyses as openly antagonistic to the Egyptian people and their gods, cults, temples and priests, particularly emphasizing the murder of the sacred bull Bees. He says these actions led to a madness which resulted in him killing his brother Bardiya (whom Herodotus says was killed in secret), his own sister-wifeand Croesus of Lydia. He then concludes that Cambyses completely lost his mind, and all later classical authors repeat the themes of Cambyses' impiety and madness. However, this is based on spurious information, as the epitaph of Apis from 524 BC shows that Cambyses attended Apis' funeral rites calling himself pharaoh. After the conquest of Egypt, the Libyans and the Greeks of Cyrene And Boat in present-day eastern Libya (Cyrenaica) surrendered to Cambyses and sent tribute without a fight. Cambyses then planned the invasions of Carthage, the oasis of Ammon e Ethiopia. Herodotus claims that the naval invasion of Carthage was called off because the Phoenicians, who made up a large part of Cambyses' fleet, refused to take up arms against their own people, but modern historians doubt whether an invasion of Carthage ever took place. planned. However, Cambyses devoted his efforts to the other two campaigns, aiming to improve the Empire's strategic position in Africa by conquering the Kingdom of Meroë and taking strategic positions in the western oases. To this end, he established a garrison at elephantine composed mostly of Jewish soldiers, who remained stationed at Elephantine during the reign of Cambyses. The invasions of Ammon and Ethiopia themselves were a failure. Herodotus claims that the invasion of Ethiopia was a failure due to Cambyses' folly and lack of supplies for his men, but archaeological evidence suggests that the expedition was not a failure and a fortress al Second cataract of the Nile, on the border between Egypt and Kush, remained in use throughout the Achaemenid period. The events surrounding the death of Cambyses and the succession of Bardiya are much debated as there are many conflicting accounts. According to Herodotus, since the murder of Bardiya had been done in secret, most Persians still believed he was alive. This allowed for two Magi rise up against Cambyses, with one of them seated on the throne able to impersonate Bardiya due to their remarkable physical resemblance and shared name (Smerdis in Herodotus' accounts). Ctesias writes that when Cambyses had Bardiya killed he immediately put the wizard Sphendadates in his place as satrap of Bactria due to a remarkable physical resemblance. Two of Cambyses' confidants then conspired to usurp Cambyses and place Sphendadates on the throne in the guise of Bardiya. According to Behistun inscription, written by the next king Darius the Great, a magician named Gaumata impersonated Bardiya and incited a revolution in Persia. Whatever the exact circumstances of the revolt, Cambyses learned of it in the summer of 522 BC and began returning from Egypt, but was wounded in the thigh in Syria and died of gangrene, so the Bardiya impersonator became king. Darius' account is the former, and although later historians are all agreed on key details of the story, that a wizard impersonated Bardiya and took the throne, this may have been a story created by Darius to justify his own usurpation. Iranologist Pierre Briant speculates that Bardiya was not killed by Cambyses, but waited until his death in the summer of 522 BC to claim his rightful claim to the throne as he was then the only male descendant of the royal family. Briant states that although the hypothesis of a deception by Darius is generally accepted today, "nothing has been established with certainty at the present time, given the available evidence". The Achaemenid Empire at its greatest extent, c. 500 BC According to Behistun inscription, Gaumata reigned for seven months before being overthrown in 522 BC by Darius the Great (Darius I) (Old Persian Daryavush, "that holds the good in place", also called Darayarahush). The Magi, though persecuted, continued to exist, and a year after the death of the first pseudo-Smerdi (Gaumata), he saw a second pseudo-Smerdi (named Vahyazdāta) attempt a coup. The coup, while initially successful, failed. Herodotus writes that the native leadership debated the best form of government for the empire. Since Macedonian king Aminta I ceded his country to the Persians around 512–511, Macedonians and Persians were also no longer foreigners. The submission of Fruit salad was part of the Persian military operations initiated by Darius the Great (521–486) in 513, after immense preparations, a huge Achaemenid army invaded the Balkans And tried to defeat the European Scythians roaming north of the Danube river. Darius' army subdued several Thracian peoples, and virtually all other regions touching the European part of Black Sea, as parts of today Bulgaria, Romania, Ukraine, And Russia, before returning to Asia Minor. Darius left one of his named commanders in Europe Megabazo whose task was to make conquests in the Balkans. Persian troops subdued the rich with gold Thrace, the Greek coastal cities, and defeated and conquered the mighty Peonians.[82][84][85] Eventually, Megabazus sent envoys to Aminta, requesting acceptance of Persian rule, which the Macedonians did. The Balkans provided many soldiers for the multi-ethnic Achaemenid army. Many members of the Macedonian and Persian elite intermarried, such as the Persian official Bubari who married Aminta's daughter Gygea. The family ties of the Macedonian rulers Amyntas and Alexander enjoyed with Bubares ensured them good relations with the Persian kings Darius and Xerxes the Great. The Persian invasion indirectly led to Macedonian rise to power, and Persia had some common interests in the Balkans; with Persian help, the Macedonians would have gained a lot at the expense of some Balkan tribes such as the Paionians and the Greeks. All in all, the Macedonians were "willing and helpful Persian allies. Macedonian soldiers fought against Athens and Sparta in the army of Xerxes the Great. The Persians referred to both Greeks and Macedonians as Yauna ("ions", their term for "Greeks"), and to Macedonians especially as Yauna Takabara or "Greeks with hats that look like shields", possibly referring to Macedonian kausia hat. The Persian Queen Atossa, daughter of Cyrus the Great, sister-wife of Cambyses II, Darius the Greatis the wife and mother of Xerxes the Great In the 5th century BC, the kings of Persia ruled or had subordinate territories which included not only all the Persian plateau and all territories formerly held by the Assyrian Empire (Mesopotamia, the Levant, Cyprus And Egypt), but beyond all this Anatolia And Armenia, as well as the South Caucasus And parts of Northern Caucasus, Azerbaijan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Bulgaria, Peony, Thrace And Fruit salad to the north and west, most of the Black Sea coastal regions, parts of Central Asia as far as the Aral Sea, the Bone And Jaxartes to the north and northeast, the Hindu Kush and the western Indus basin (corresponding to modern Afghanistan and Pakistan) in the far east, parts of the north Arabia south and parts of the east Libya (Cyrenaica) to the southwest, and parts of Oman, China and the United Arab Emirates.

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