NAVAL TACTICS Manoeuvers Diagrams 1782 Battle at Martinique

Description: LEGEND TO THE ILLUSTRATIONS, SEE BELOW Print Specifics: Type of print: Intaglio, steel engraving - Original antique printYear of printing: not indicated in the print - actual: 1844Publisher: Johann Georg HeckCondition: 2-3 (1. Excellent - 2. Very good - 3. Good - 4. Fair). Light damp stain at bottom edge of print. Few light brownish areas mostly in blank margins. Please examine the photos for extent. Dimensions: 9 x 11.5 inches, (23 x 29 cm) including blank margins (borders) around the image.Paper weight: 2-3 (1. Thick - 2. Heavier - 3. Medium heavy - 4. Slightly heavier - 5. Thin)Reverse side: Blank Notes: Green color around the print in the photo is a contrasting background on which the print was photographed.Print detail is much sharper than the photo of the print.Photos show the overall view of the print and an enlarged detail. Legend to the illustrations: Fleet maneuvres: The purpose of naval tactics, or the manoeuvres of fleets, is to keep the fleet always in the position in which it can first secure its own safety, and then, under all circumstances, to annoy and, ifpossible, to conquer the enemy. The best sailing order is represented in Fig. 1. The fleet is divided into three columns, sailing parallel with the line which it is to take in battle. The windward column, under the command of the vice-admiral, usually forms the van-guard ; the leeward column, under the command of the rearadmiral, forms the rear-guard ; although circumstances often render a change in this order necessary. If the fleet is very large (fig. 2), each column is broken into two, making six in the whole. The admiral-‘s ship then moves before the centre of the two columns belonging to each. The determination of the distance between the columns is always a matter of importance. The length of the column being known, if (fig. 3) the perpendicular CH, equal to CF, is raised on the column CF, the points F and G connected, and FH taken equal to FC, then GH will be the right distance of the columns. (By mistake of the engraver the letter H is omitted in the figure; it belongs at the intersection of PG and AE.) This is evident when we look at the first ship, C, and the last ship, E, standing equally close to the wind, to which the line CE is perpendicular. An approximate proportion for the distance is five twelfths of the length of the column. Fig. 2 is a steamship, employed to carry messages from one line to another. Frigates were formerly used for this purpose. Steamships, however, on account of their swiftness and ability to move in any direction, are far more convenient. Fig. 4 represents the moment of battle. At a are seen the two battle lines, and at b the grappling between two hostile frigates. The order of retreat is shown in pl. 28, fig. 5, although in fact this is usually governed by circumstances. The fleet is here formed in two lines, AB and BC, forming an obtuse angle, the vertex of which is made by the admiral’s ship in the centre of the fleet. The frigates, fireships, &c., form two other lines, EF and F G, to the leeward of the former. It is important to know the different methods by which manoeuvres can be performed in one and the same sailing order, without breaking it. We cannot here consider the subject at length, but must be content with representing the movements by figures, with a few words in explanation. Figs. 6 and 7 show two methods, by which columns can sail both by day and night without disturbing their ranks. Fig. 8, the columns turn before the wind. Fig. 9, the columns sail in two different directions close to the wind. Fig. 10, manoeuvre by which the centre column is changed into the windward column. Fig. 11, change of the windward column into the leeward column. Fig. 12, change of the centre column into the leeward column. Fig. 13, manoeuvre of the windward column in order to sail to the leeward. Fig. 14, manoeuvre of the leeward column in order to advance to the leeward. Fig. 17 shows the position, when it is desired to change the line of battle without forming the ships into columns. This is effected by turning all the ships at the same time, while the last takes the wind on the other tack, and remains in its place, the other ships failing off two points, and sailing on until they come into the direction of the stationary ship. The last ship by this evolution takes the place of the first, and the left wing of the right. But if the first order is to be preserved, the first ship veers round in its place and strikes out the course of the new line, on which it sails forward, while the other ships, one after another, veer round in the same place and follow the direction of the first. A very beautiful rnaneuvre is the change from one order of sailing to another. We will here illustrate two cases. Suppose that it is required to change the sailing order into the line of battle in the same direction, while the lee column remains as it was (fig. 18). In this case the lee column keeps as close as possible to the wind, the centre column falls off two points, and passes to the head of the new centre column, while the windward column veers at once in its position, and with seven points of wind sails to its new station on the wing. Figs. 24-33 the principal points of the engagement between the English and French near the islands of Martinique and Guadaloupe, which was fought April 8-12, 1782. 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