What Is the Constitution? by Patricia Brennan Demuth (English) Hardcover Book

Description: What Is the Constitution? by Patricia Brennan Demuth, Who HQ, Tim Foley Signed on September 17, 1787, the Constitution laid out the supreme law of the United States of America. Here is a behind-the-scenes look at the hotly fought issues and the key players who suffered through countless revisions to make the Constitution happen. FORMAT Hardcover LANGUAGE English CONDITION Brand New Publisher Description We the people at Who HQ bring readers the full story--arguments and all--of how the US Constitution came into being.We the people at Who HQ bring readers the full story--arguments and all--of how the United States Constitution came into being.Signed on September 17, 1787--four years after the American War for Independence--the Constitution laid out the supreme law of the United States of America. Today its easy for us to take this blueprint of our government for granted. But the Framers--fifty-five men from almost all of the original 13 states--argued fiercely for many months over what ended up being only a four-page document. Here is a fascinating behind-the-scenes look at the hotly fought issues--those between Northern and Southern States; big states and little ones--and the key players such as James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and George Washington who suffered through countless revisions to make the Constitution happen. Author Biography Patricia Brennan Demuth is the author of several Who HQ titles, including Who Was Bill Gates?, What Was Ellis Island?, What Was Pearl Harbor?, and Who Was Charlie Chaplin?Tim Foley is a freelance illustrator who currently lives and works in Grand Rapids, Michigan. Promotional We the people at Who HQ bring readers the full story--arguments and all--of how the US Constitution came into being. Promotional "Headline" We the people at Who HQ bring readers the full story--arguments and all--of how the US Constitution came into being. Excerpt from Book What Is the Constitution? The first time the thirteen American colonies declared themselves a free nation was in the Declaration of Independence, written in July of 1776. By then, the colonies were fed up with being ruled from afar by Great Britain. A bloody war for independence broke out--the Revolutionary War. At the start, winning the war seemed impossible. How could the ragtag rebel army ever defeat Great Britain, the mightiest military power in the world? But a fierce drive to be free fired the rebels spirits. By 1783, the war was over--and the colonies were no longer colonies. They were states in a free and independent nation: the United States of America! Even while at war, the new country had needed some sort of government. So, in 1776, a group of leaders of the Revolution had quickly patched together some rules. They were called the Articles of Confederation. Nobody wanted a government that was all-powerful. Thats what the states were breaking away from. So, they created a congress that was too weak to do any harm. Unfortunately, the result was a government that was too weak to do much good, either. By 1787, just four years after the United States glorious victory, the young country was in trouble. National pride didnt exist yet. In fact, if you asked most people what their country was, they named their state. It was easy to see why. Over their whole lifetime, people rarely traveled more than thirty miles away from where they were born. In 1785, a man from Georgia wrote that he was leaving his "country" to go to "a strange land amongst strangers." The "strange land" was New York! States quarreled often over where their state boundary lines were and which state "owned" certain rivers. Enemies abroad smirked at Americas troubles. Didnt all this arguing prove that the upstart nation was not capable of ruling itself without a powerful king? Americas young government needed fixing--and soon. So, during the horribly hot and sticky summer of 1787, fifty-five men from twelve states gathered in Philadelphia for a special meeting. (Rhode Island wouldnt come.) Their mission was to change the Articles of Confederation. Most had no idea they were going to frame--to plan out--a whole new system of government! The framers, which is what history books call these men, had to find answers to big, thorny questions. Who decided if the United States would go to war again? What powers should be given to the head of the government? What should happen if leaders abused their power? Who should be allowed to vote? How would laws get passed? For four months, the framers debated . . . and debated . . . and debated. Tempers flared. Voices rose. Every man cared deeply about his ideas. It was hard work to listen to the other side. So much was at stake! They knew they were trying to decide the fate for "millions yet unborn," as delegate George Mason said. At some points, writing a new constitution seemed hopeless. Would an agreement ever be reached? Chapter 1: A Limping Government In 1787, the United States of America had a name. And it had a flag. Yet many things were missing to make it a true nation. There was no president. There was no central court system. Neither was there a US army or navy. There was no Senate or House of Representatives--only a weak "Congress." Congress could pass laws, but it could not enforce them. For instance, Congress could charge taxes to pay off war debts. But it had to rely on the goodwill of the states to pay up. Peoples loyalty to their state made it hard for them to think of themselves as Americans. During the Revolution, George Washington asked soldiers from New Jersey to swear loyalty to America. What an odd request! They said that New Jersey was their country. Loyalty to ones state was rooted in history. The thirteen colonies had been settled at different times by different groups of people. Each state developed its own way of life, often with its own religion and customs. Strict Puritans had settled New England. Peace-loving Quakers founded Pennsylvania. Although the main language of the colonies was English, tens of thousands spoke German in Pennsylvania. Shopkeepers and fishermen thrived in New England, whereas the South was mainly agricultural. The Articles of Confederation held the states together well enough to fight the war. But afterward, each state was happy to go its own way again. Soldiers returned home. And each state got busy creating its own constitution and electing its own leaders. But what about being a country? Some leaders (like George Washington, James Madison, and Alexander Hamilton) wanted the United States to be a strong nation with a solid central government, one that would oversee all the states. These leaders were called nationalists. But other leaders wanted power to remain with the states, just as it did with the Articles of Confederation. The Articles promised that the states would remain sovereign. That meant each state was still its own boss. What about the union? The Articles described the union loosely, as a "league of friendship." How well did this government work? Not too well. By 1787, Americas troubles could fill a long list. Some states charged fees on goods bought in other states, as if they were foreign countries. Lands west of the original thirteen colonies were being settled, and disagreements broke out over which states controlled them. Continental money was all but worthless. So, seven states printed their own paper money but it was no good outside of their boundaries. George Washington, back home in Virginia, grew alarmed at what was happening to his country. Congress is "a half-starved, limping government," he complained, "always moving on crutches and tottering at every step." Also, in 1786 a crisis broke out in western Massachusetts. Many poor farmers were losing their land because they couldnt pay their states high taxes. Under Daniel Shays, a former Revolutionary War captain, a mob of two thousand farmers decided to rebel. They marched to Springfield armed with axes, pitchforks, and old muskets. The weak Congress couldnt put together an armed force. So, Massachusetts sent in its own troops and stopped the rebellion. In the end, four men lay dead. Shayss Rebellion shook the nation. Americans were killing Americans! "I am mortified beyond expression," said George Washington. ( Mortified means very, very embarrassed.) Alexander Hamilton had this to say: "There is only one remedy--to call a convention of all the states, and the sooner the better." If the government wasnt made stronger, it could fall apart. Even Congress agreed that the Articles of Confederation needed changes. So it asked the states to elect delegates to attend a special meeting in Philadelphia, in May of 1787. Newspapers called it the "Grand Convention." No one called it a Constitutional Convention, of course, because who knew that a whole new Constitution was about to be written? Details ISBN152478611X Author Tim Foley Audience Age 8-12 Series What Was? Year 2018 Illustrator Tim Foley ISBN-10 152478611X ISBN-13 9781524786113 Format Hardcover Country of Publication United States Birth 1962 Pages 112 DEWEY 342.7302 Illustrations Illustrations, unspecified Language English Publisher Penguin Putnam Inc Place of Publication New York, NY Publication Date 2018-06-19 Imprint Penguin Workshop US Release Date 2018-06-19 UK Release Date 2018-06-19 Audience Children / Juvenile NZ Release Date 2018-06-14 AU Release Date 2018-06-14 We've got this At The Nile, if you're looking for it, we've got it. 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